The case files
8 cases, on the record
Each entry is anchored to a matter of public record: a lawsuit, a regulator action, or sworn testimony. Claims in live proceedings are allegations unless resolved by a court. The full write-ups are in the book.
Algorithmic price testing
Project NessieAmazon
The FTC alleges Amazon ran a secret pricing algorithm, internally codenamed Project Nessie, that raised prices to test whether competitors would follow, then held them high when they did, allegedly extracting more than a billion dollars from customers.
Active litigation (FTC v. Amazon)
AI claim denial
nH PredictUnitedHealthcare
A class action alleges UnitedHealthcare used an AI tool, nH Predict, as a hard cap on post-acute care for Medicare Advantage patients, with roughly 90% of appealed denials overturned, cutting vulnerable seniors off from care.
Active litigation (Estate of Lokken v. UnitedHealth)
AI claim denial
PXDXCigna
A federal class action alleges Cigna used an algorithm called PXDX to batch-deny around 300,000 claims in two months at an average of 1.2 seconds per claim, with physicians signing denials without reviewing the records.
Active litigation (Kisting-Leung v. Cigna)
Algorithmic price coordination
YieldStarRealPage
The DOJ alleges RealPage's YieldStar revenue-management software let competing landlords share sensitive data and coordinate rent increases across 16-plus US metro markets, functioning as algorithmic price-fixing.
DOJ settlement framework (Nov 2025); actions ongoing
Dynamic pricing
Dynamic pricing + vertical monopolyLive Nation / Ticketmaster
The DOJ and 29 US jurisdictions (later 40) allege Live Nation/Ticketmaster used surge-style dynamic pricing on tickets while vertically integrating venues, promotion and ticketing to block any alternative from emerging.
Active DOJ antitrust litigation; break-up sought
Wage suppression
Algorithmic wage discriminationUber
Scholars and litigation allege Uber's driver-pay algorithm makes individualised offers based on each driver's data, so the same trip is offered to different drivers at different rates, suppressing wages for those whose data suggests they will accept less.
Multi-jurisdictional litigation; UK Supreme Court ruled against Uber (2021)
Engagement maximisation
Engagement algorithmsMeta
41 state attorneys general allege Meta's engagement-maximising algorithms amplified content harmful to teens, with internal research documenting the harm and decisions to prioritise engagement over safety.
Active 41-state AG litigation; UK Online Safety Act enforcement
Surveillance pricing
Surveillance pricingKroger and Wendy's
Senators and the FTC are scrutinising surveillance-pricing infrastructure: electronic shelf labels, facial recognition and loyalty data that together enable charging different customers different prices for the same product based on inferred willingness to pay.
Pre-litigation; Congressional inquiry; FTC 6(b) study
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